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Related Concept Videos

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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.
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Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants
08:12

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants

Published on: March 29, 2018

Hereditary enamel defects with comorbidities.

Kuan Yu Chu1, Ravi Prakash2, Shih-Kai Wang3

  • 1Oral Health Sciences Program, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

Journal of the American Dental Association (1939)
|June 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rare genetic enamel disorders present diagnostic and management challenges. Understanding their genetic basis is crucial for dental professionals to recognize these conditions and their systemic implications.

Keywords:
Hereditary enamel defectsamelogenesis imperfectacomorbiditysyndrome

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants
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Published on: July 10, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Dentistry
  • Rare Diseases

Background:

  • Rare genetic enamel disorders are challenging due to scarcity, limited data, and varied presentations.
  • These conditions can impact tooth development, number, shape, and eruption, complicating dental care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review syndromic disorders with enamel defects and distinct phenotypic features.
  • To synthesize knowledge on genetic causes, functional impacts, oral signs, and dental management.
  • To provide clinical and radiographic illustrations for better understanding.

Main Methods:

  • Focused review on selected syndromic disorders affecting teeth and other systems.
  • Searches of PubMed and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man databases.
  • Critical analysis of original research, reviews, and case reports.

Main Results:

  • Identified over 115 genes and conditions; selected 8 for clinical and genetic relevance.
  • Integrated case descriptions and images to illustrate genetic etiology and management.
  • Utilized published clinical photographs and radiographs due to the rarity of conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in genetic understanding necessitate dental providers' familiarity with rare enamel disorders.
  • Investigating genetic origins clarifies dental anomalies and associated systemic involvement.
  • Recognizing these disorders is vital for comprehensive patient care beyond oral health.