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Related Concept Videos

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias01:28

Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias

Tachyarrhythmias are a type of dysrhythmia where the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute. Here are some common types of tachyarrhythmias:Sinus TachycardiaSinus tachycardia originates from increased impulses from the sinus node, leading to an elevated heart rate. It is often triggered by stress, fever, or exercise.Patients may experience palpitations, a sensation of a racing heart, dizziness, and chest discomfort.Causes and Risk Factors: Common causes include physical exertion, emotional...
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Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
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Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Catheter Ablation in Combination With Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Atrial Fibrillation
28:13

Catheter Ablation in Combination With Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: February 26, 2013

Female Sex Is Not a Uniform Risk Factor in Atrial Fibrillation.

Cecile McGarvey1, Emma Lunn1, Yishi Jia1

  • 1Tulane Research Innovation for Arrhythmia Discovery, Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.

JACC. Advances
|June 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Female sex modestly modifies stroke risk in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. The increased risk is mainly seen in women aged 75 and older, especially with more health conditions.

Keywords:
arterial embolismatrial fibrillationfemalethromboembolic stroke

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The WATCHMAN Left Atrial Appendage Closure Device for Atrial Fibrillation
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The WATCHMAN Left Atrial Appendage Closure Device for Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: February 28, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Neurology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Female sex is considered in stroke risk stratification for atrial fibrillation (AF).
  • Emerging data suggest female sex may be a stroke risk modifier, not an independent risk factor in AF patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if female sex acts as a risk factor or a risk modifier for stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized TriNetX to identify nonvalvular AF patients, stratified by sex and age.
  • Propensity matching was performed for comorbidities and anticoagulation between sexes.
  • Compared stroke and arterial embolism risks over 1 year in patients with no or one additional CHA2DS2-VA risk factor beyond age.

Main Results:

  • In patients without additional risk factors, female sex increased stroke risk only in those aged ≥75 years (HR: 1.244).
  • In patients with one additional risk factor, female sex also increased stroke risk for those aged ≥75 years (HR: 1.065).

Conclusions:

  • Female sex functions as a modest risk modifier for thromboembolic stroke in AF.
  • The elevated stroke risk in females is primarily associated with advanced age (≥75 years) and greater comorbidity burden.