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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Function Tests01:25

Pulmonary Function Tests

Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Pulmonary Function Tests are crucial diagnostic tools for assessing respiratory function, particularly in patients with chronic respiratory disorders. They comprehensively evaluate lung volumes, ventilatory function, breathing mechanics, diffusion, and gas exchange. These tests help diagnose pulmonary diseases and play a significant role in monitoring disease progression, evaluating disability, and assessing response to therapy.
PFTs involve using a spirometer, a...
Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-IV: Assessement and Diagnostic Studies01:27

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-IV: Assessement and Diagnostic Studies

Assessing and diagnosing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) involves a detailed approach that includes a comprehensive review of medical history, physical examination, and a variety of diagnostic tests. This thorough evaluation is essential to ensure an accurate diagnosis and guide effective management strategies.
Medical History
Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation01:19

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
Alveolar Surface Tension
The alveolar fluid lines the luminal surface of the alveoli and exerts a force called surface tension. This force is caused by the polar water molecules in the liquid being more strongly attracted to each...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...

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Related Experiment Videos

Applying spirometry phenotypes to a longitudinal cohort born very preterm.

Tiffany K Bradshaw1,2, Sanja Stanojevic3, Shannon J Simpson4,2

  • 1Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Foundations of Lung Disease, The Kids Research Institute Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.

BMJ Open Respiratory Research
|June 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Adult spirometry classifications for lung disease in preterm infants are unstable over time. This suggests current methods may not fully capture the lung development complexities in this population.

Keywords:
Lung PhysiologyPaediatric Lung DiseasePaediatric PhysicianPulmonary Disease, Chronic ObstructiveRespiratory Function TestRespiratory Measurement

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Respiratory Medicine
  • Neonatology

Background:

  • Prematurity-associated lung disease requires better characterization in adults.
  • Adult spirometry classifications (obstructive lung disease, preserved ratio impaired spirometry, dysanapsis) are being applied to children born preterm.
  • Longitudinal tracking of these phenotypes in preterm children is currently unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply spirometry phenotype classifications to a longitudinal cohort of children born very preterm (≤32 weeks gestation).
  • To track changes in these spirometry classifications from early childhood through adolescence.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective longitudinal cohort study of children born very preterm (1997-2003) in Western Australia.
  • Follow-up occurred between 2007 and 2022, with spirometry and questionnaires at early childhood (4-8 yrs), middle childhood (9-12 yrs), and adolescence (16-23 yrs).
  • Spirometry phenotype classifications were applied at each time point for participants with acceptable spirometry.

Main Results:

  • 200 participants provided 311 acceptable spirometry measurements.
  • Abnormal spirometry phenotypes were present in 29% (early childhood), 41% (middle childhood), and 43% (adolescence).
  • 36% of participants with serial measurements changed phenotypes, with many near abnormal classification thresholds.

Conclusions:

  • The instability of adult spirometry classifications in preterm children suggests they may not adequately capture lung disease complexity during growth.
  • It remains unclear if observed phenotype changes reflect biological variability or actual disease progression.
  • Further research is needed to refine lung disease phenotyping in preterm populations.