Challenging Gram-negative Infections: Perspectives from a Clinician and a Microbiologist

Gram-negative infections are common in dogs and cats and are increasingly complicated by antimicrobial resistance. Enterobacterales and nonfermenting organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most clinically relevant, with infections ranging from urinary and respiratory disease to wound and nosocomial infections. Culture and susceptibility testing are essential for guiding therapy, though results must be interpreted in clinical context. Treatment should consider site of infection, drug exposure, and evolving resistance patterns. Effective management also relies on antimicrobial stewardship, addressing underlying conditions, and implementing infection prevention strategies to reduce recurrence and limit the spread of resistant organisms.