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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
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Acute Respiratory Failure-V

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Inhibitors Of Virion Release

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Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...

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An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

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Intermediate Relative Humidity Preserves Respiratory Syncytial Virus via a Semi-Solid Bioaerosol State.

Yuhui Guo¹, Deepak Sapkota¹, Ajay Itty Sajan¹

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|June 5, 2026

Summary

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) survival in aerosols depends on particle composition and relative humidity. Low humidity causes efflorescence and inactivates the virus, while intermediate humidity preserves RSV infectivity.

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An Improved and High Throughput Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Micro-neutralization Assay

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Published on: January 26, 2019

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Virology
Aerosol Science

Background:

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) transmission via aerosols is not fully understood.
The microenvironment of virus-laden bioaerosols significantly impacts viral survival.
Physicochemical properties of bioaerosols change dynamically during evaporation, affecting the virus.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify RSV survival during bioaerosol evaporation and early equilibrium.
To investigate the influence of relative humidity (RH) and particle composition on RSV infectivity.
To understand the role of particle phase state in RSV aerosol survival.

Main Methods:

Utilized a flow-tube system with controlled residence times to study RSV survival.
Generated bioaerosols from virus medium with and without bovine serum albumin (BSA) or mucin.
Evaluated viral infectivity at low (35%) and intermediate (61%) RH levels, normalizing to RNA copy number.

Main Results:

At 35% RH, RSV infectivity decreased significantly (one to three orders of magnitude), influenced by solution composition.
Higher RSV survival was observed at 61% RH, especially in virus medium and BSA-supplemented aerosols.
Low RH led to efflorescence, while intermediate RH resulted in viscous/semi-solid particles, correlating with inactivation and preservation, respectively.

Conclusions:

RSV infectivity is strongly dependent on particle chemical composition, phase state (effloresced vs. semi-solid), and relative humidity.
Efflorescence at low RH enhances RSV inactivation, whereas viscous/semi-solid phases at intermediate RH preserve infectivity.
Characterizing particle phase behavior and composition is crucial for understanding RSV aerosol transmission.