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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Single-Cell Calcium Imaging for Studying the Activation of Calcium Ion Channels
07:17

Single-Cell Calcium Imaging for Studying the Activation of Calcium Ion Channels

Published on: December 13, 2024

Calcium controls type III secretion switch through an SctV-SctW interplay.

Athina G Portaliou1, Pritam Roy1, Rinky Parakra1

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|June 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcium ions regulate the type III secretion system (T3S) by controlling the binding affinity between gatekeeper SctW and export apparatus SctV. This calcium-dependent switch dictates the ordered secretion of bacterial toxins, crucial for pathogen infection.

Keywords:
Ca2+ regulationSctVSctWT3SSsecretion hierarchysecretion switch

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Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms
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Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ
09:34

Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ

Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Type III secretion (T3S) is a critical virulence mechanism used by Gram-negative pathogens.
  • The T3S injectisome nanomachine delivers effector proteins into host cells.
  • Secretion is hierarchical, with translocators preceding effectors, regulated by gatekeepers and environmental signals like calcium.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which calcium regulates the T3S secretion switch.
  • To investigate the role of calcium binding in the interaction between the gatekeeper SctW and the export apparatus component SctV.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro calcium-binding assays to determine affinity.
  • Analysis of protein-protein interactions under varying calcium concentrations.
  • Mutational analysis of SctW and SctV to assess the impact on calcium-dependent interactions and secretion.

Main Results:

  • SctW and SctV bind Ca2+ with high affinity.
  • Calcium binding modulates the SctW-SctV interaction affinity without affecting SctW anchoring.
  • High calcium promotes translocator secretion by engaging the SctV C-domain; low calcium favors effector secretion.
  • Mutations disrupting calcium binding impair secretion order.

Conclusions:

  • Calcium acts as a critical regulator of the type III secretion system.
  • The calcium-dependent switch mechanism controls the hierarchical secretion of T3S substrates.
  • Understanding this mechanism offers potential targets for anti-virulence strategies.