Imaginary Poynting momentum: polarization topology and versatile optical manipulation

The imaginary Poynting momentum (IPM), as an intrinsic yet mysterious property of light, is nearly as ubiquitous as its real counterpart. However, prior research has only traced its origin to intensity asymmetry and showcased its capability in particle manipulation using evanescent waves and structured light. Fundamentally, the interplay between the IPM and polarization topology remains unexplored, significantly restricting its potential applications. Here, we observe the high-order polarization topological charges (PTCs) in the IPM and expand their capabilities in versatile particle manipulation. PTCs originate from spatial distributions of linear polarizations in vector beams. When the PTC equals 1, the IPM can be utilized to rotate particles. Distinctively, for higher-order PTCs, rotational potential-well arrays with controllable rotation directions emerge to trap and rotate various numbers of particles. This work uncovers a holistic and complete understanding of the IPM by investigating its link to the polarization distribution. It also suggests a credible way to harness polarization-topology optical forces, offering significant potential for biophysical and quantum applications.