Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Crossover Experiments

Crossover Experiments

Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs

Bioequivalence experimental study designs play a pivotal role in testing the effectiveness of various treatments. Key among these are the repeated measures, cross-over, carry-over, and Latin square designs. In the repeated measures design, each subject receives all treatments, allowing for temporal comparisons. This type of design is useful in reducing variability but requires careful planning to avoid bias.The cross-over design, an economical method, involves sequential administration of...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Time-Restricted Eating During a Bulking Phase is Associated with Reduced Fat Accumulation, while Muscle and Strength Gains Are Maintained: A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial.

The Journal of nutrition·2026

Same author

Normalization of muscle strength measures in barbell exercises by sex, age, and anthropometry: notes on allometry.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Divergent skeletal muscle metabolite exchange in insulin-like growth factor-1-stimulated myotubes and resistance-exercised human muscle.

Experimental physiology·2026

Same author

Training with an elastic bench press device provides comparable adaptations to conventional resistance training in trained men.

Biology of sport·2026

Same author

Concurrent Validity and Reliability of an On-Floor 12 m Shuttle Run Test for Young Gymnasts.

International journal of sports medicine·2026

Same author

Effects of Calorie Restriction With and Without Strength, Endurance or Mixed Training on Fat-Free and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Overweight or Obese Individuals-A Systematic Review With Pairwise Meta-Analysis and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

A Real-World High-Intensity Interval Training Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Improvement

A Real-World High-Intensity Interval Training Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Improvement

Published on: February 22, 2022

Block periodization vs. traditional periodization in high-intensity functional training: a randomized crossover

Florian Micke¹, Julius Huelle¹, Gommaar D'Hulst²

¹Department of Sport and Management, IST University of Applied Sciences, Duesseldorf, Germany.

Frontiers in Physiology

|June 5, 2026

Summary

Block periodization (BP) improved maximal strength and reduced waist circumference in high-intensity functional training (HIFT) athletes compared to traditional periodization (TP). This training strategy optimizes performance adaptations without negatively impacting metabolic or cardiovascular health.

Keywords:

crossover functional fitness maximal strength metabolic conditioning training organization

More Related Videos

A Chronic High-Intensity Interval Training and Diet-Induced Obesity Model to Maximize Exercise Effort and Induce Physiologic Changes in Rats

A Chronic High-Intensity Interval Training and Diet-Induced Obesity Model to Maximize Exercise Effort and Induce Physiologic Changes in Rats

Published on: April 28, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

A Real-World High-Intensity Interval Training Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Improvement

A Real-World High-Intensity Interval Training Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Improvement

Published on: February 22, 2022

A Chronic High-Intensity Interval Training and Diet-Induced Obesity Model to Maximize Exercise Effort and Induce Physiologic Changes in Rats

A Chronic High-Intensity Interval Training and Diet-Induced Obesity Model to Maximize Exercise Effort and Induce Physiologic Changes in Rats

Published on: April 28, 2023

Area of Science:

Sports Science
Exercise Physiology
Strength and Conditioning

Background:

High-intensity functional training (HIFT) demands concurrent development of strength and metabolic conditioning.
Optimal training periodization strategies for experienced HIFT athletes remain under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the effects of block periodization (BP) versus traditional periodization (TP) on strength, conditioning, and health markers in experienced HIFT athletes.
To determine if concentrating high-intensity training loads offers advantages over evenly distributed loads.

Main Methods:

Twenty experienced HIFT athletes participated in a randomized controlled crossover trial.
Athletes completed two six-week, load-matched phases: BP (concentrated high-intensity training) and TP (evenly distributed intensity).
Outcome measures included maximal strength, benchmark performance, physiological stress (CMJ), and health markers (blood pressure, glucose, body composition).

Main Results:

Block periodization led to significantly greater improvements in maximal strength (isometric mid-thigh pull, deadlift 1RM, CrossFit Total) compared to TP.
BP resulted in a significant reduction in waist circumference, indicating favorable anthropometric changes.
A significant acute reduction in countermovement jump was observed during BP's concentrated loading week, indicative of functional overreaching, with no significant differences in metabolic conditioning or cardiovascular health markers between conditions.

Conclusions:

Concentrated loading via block periodization enhances maximal strength and positively alters body composition in trained HIFT athletes.
This periodization strategy effectively induces functional overreaching and is a viable method for optimizing performance adaptations in HIFT.
Block periodization does not compromise metabolic conditioning or cardiovascular health markers in this population.