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Bioinspired 4D-Printing Microwave Absorbers With Adaptive Programmable Switches via Morphable Percolation Networks

Tinghao Liao1, Tian Li1, Yao Zou1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|June 5, 2026
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Summary

Researchers developed a programmable electromagnetic switch inspired by cephalopods. This dynamic device offers autonomous, reversible control for advanced stealth systems, enabling precise electromagnetic tuning.

Keywords:
4D printingbioinspired materialselectromagnetic modulationelectromagnetic switchmicrowave absorption

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electromagnetics
  • Metamaterials

Background:

  • Stealth systems require dynamic absorbers with reversible control, moving beyond static designs.
  • Cephalopod skin's adaptive coloration provides a biological model for dynamic photonic structure reconfiguration.
  • Existing electromagnetic absorbers face limitations due to fixed structure-frequency relationships.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a programmable electromagnetic switch with autonomous and reversible control.
  • To mimic cephalopod-inspired dynamic stealth through material reconfiguration.
  • To achieve precise tuning of electromagnetic characteristics for advanced stealth applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a 4D-printing strategy to create a programmable electromagnetic switch.
  • Incorporated a R6M matrix with directionally arranged carbonyl iron.
  • Induced metastable configurations in liquid crystal elastomer via a thermal gradient for morphological control.

Main Results:

  • Achieved precise resonant frequency conversion within X and Ku bands.
  • Enhanced minimum reflection loss from -30.22 dB to -61.4 dB.
  • Enlarged effective bandwidth from 8.52 GHz to 11.37 GHz.
  • Demonstrated excellent cyclic stability over 100 cycles.

Conclusions:

  • The developed system offers a robust and predictable method for electromagnetic tuning.
  • The programmable switch enables dynamic modulation of electromagnetic characteristics.
  • This paradigm inspires next-generation electromagnetic protection and adaptive cloaking systems.