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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer
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Dual-Layer Grain-Boundary In Situ Polymerization Modulates Elastic Modulus for Mechanically Stable Flexible

Yeon-Woo Choi1, Kyu-Woong Yeom1, Urasawadee Amornkitbamrung2,3

  • 1School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Antibonding Regulated Crystals, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|June 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Flexible perovskite tandem solar cells degrade due to accumulated stress, not just cracks. Elastic-modulus engineering significantly improves mechanical robustness and durability for lightweight photovoltaics.

Keywords:
all perovskite tandembending durabilityflexible solar cellgrain-boundary passivationin situ polymerization

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Energy Science
  • Solid State Physics

Background:

  • Flexible all-perovskite tandem solar cells (PTSCs) offer potential for lightweight photovoltaics.
  • Mechanical degradation under bending limits the practical application of flexible PTSCs.
  • The precise mechanisms of bending-induced degradation in these soft halide perovskite materials are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the primary cause of mechanical degradation in flexible PTSCs under bending.
  • To explore strategies for enhancing the mechanical stability and durability of flexible PTSCs.
  • To establish principles for designing mechanically robust flexible perovskite tandem solar cells.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) to analyze residual stress accumulation in perovskite layers during repeated bending.
  • Employed a dual-layer grain-boundary in situ polymerization strategy to engineer the elastic modulus of both perovskite layers.
  • Tested the mechanical stability of modified flexible PTSCs through repeated bending cycles.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that bending-induced degradation is primarily caused by strain-induced residual stress accumulation, preceding visible crack formation.
  • Showed that repeated bending leads to fatigue and enhanced nonradiative recombination even without cracks.
  • The in situ polymerization strategy effectively mitigated residual stress accumulation and improved elastic relaxation.
  • Achieved a power conversion efficiency of 24.97% with retained over 90% efficiency after 5000 bending cycles at a 5 mm radius.

Conclusions:

  • Elastic-modulus engineering via grain-boundary polymerization is a critical approach to enhance mechanical robustness in flexible PTSCs.
  • Residual stress accumulation is a key degradation pathway that needs to be addressed for durable flexible solar cells.
  • This work provides a design principle for developing highly stable and efficient flexible perovskite tandem solar cells.