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Related Concept Videos

Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview01:19

Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview

Phase I biotransformation, or functionalization, is a crucial chemical process that converts drugs and other xenobiotics into more water-soluble forms, facilitating expulsion from the body. It involves oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic reactions that add or unveil polar functional groups on lipophilic substrates. Key players in phase I reactions are the mixed-function oxidases. Situated in liver cell microsomes, these enzymes predominantly carry out drug metabolism. They require molecular...
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Drug Metabolism: Phase I Reactions

A phase I reaction is a biochemical process that introduces a functionally reactive polar group to a substance. This transformation predominantly occurs in the liver, facilitated by the cytochrome P450 system of hemoproteins situated in the lipophilic endoplasmic reticulum of cells. The metabolite generated through this process can have varying polarities. If it is sufficiently polar, it can be easily excreted in the urine due to its water compatibility. However, if the metabolite is nonpolar,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Cell Type-specific Gene Expression Profiling in the Mouse Liver
10:06

Cell Type-specific Gene Expression Profiling in the Mouse Liver

Published on: September 17, 2019

Oxidative stress drives liver failure during in vivo partial reprogramming.

Hee-Ji Eom1, Beom-Ki Jo1, Jumee Kim2

  • 1College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Molecules and Cells
|June 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sustained expression of Yamanaka factors (OSKM) for in vivo reprogramming causes liver failure and early death due to oxidative stress. Antioxidant treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) improves survival, highlighting a strategy to mitigate risks.

Keywords:
In vivo reprogrammingLiver failureN-acetylcysteineOxidative stressReactive oxygen species

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In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
12:12

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

Published on: December 17, 2013

Area of Science:

  • * Regenerative Medicine
  • * Molecular Biology
  • * Toxicology

Background:

  • * In vivo reprogramming using Yamanaka factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC; OSKM) offers potential for tissue regeneration.
  • * Sustained expression of OSKM raises safety concerns, particularly regarding tumor formation and organ damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the safety concerns associated with sustained systemic OSKM induction in vivo.
  • * To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying toxicity during prolonged reprogramming.
  • * To explore therapeutic strategies to mitigate reprogramming-induced toxicity.

Main Methods:

  • * Utilized a doxycycline-inducible OSKM mouse model for controlled gene expression.
  • * Employed single-nucleus RNA sequencing to analyze cellular changes in hepatocytes.
  • * Assessed oxidative stress markers and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
  • * Evaluated the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as an antioxidant intervention.

Main Results:

  • * Prolonged OSKM induction led to early lethality, characterized by hepatocyte dedifferentiation and oxidative stress, without tumor formation.
  • * Single-nucleus RNA sequencing identified activation of ROS, oxidative stress, and NRF2 signaling pathways in hepatocytes.
  • * Increased ROS production and sex-dependent differences in antioxidant responses implicated oxidative stress in mortality.
  • * NAC treatment significantly alleviated oxidative stress and improved survival rates.

Conclusions:

  • * Oxidative stress is a critical driver of liver failure during sustained in vivo reprogramming.
  • * Antioxidant interventions like NAC can mitigate toxicity and improve survival during reprogramming.
  • * Findings support the development of cyclic induction strategies to balance regenerative potential and safety.