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Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...

Coordination Number and Geometry

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Published on: December 29, 2016

Indium-Based Octahedra Coordinating Pb-I Termini for Stable Perovskites.

Yehui Wen^1,2, Yueqi Shen³, Xingtao Wang⁴

¹State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China.

Nature Communications

|June 5, 2026

Summary

We developed indium-based coordination agents to stabilize perovskite solar cell surfaces, significantly boosting efficiency and operational stability. This approach immobilizes key components, preventing degradation and enhancing performance.

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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

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Inkjet Printing All Inorganic Halide Perovskite Inks for Photovoltaic Applications

Inkjet Printing All Inorganic Halide Perovskite Inks for Photovoltaic Applications

Published on: January 22, 2019

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Renewable Energy
Photovoltaics

Background:

Halide perovskite degradation begins at surfaces and interfaces.
Defect accumulation disrupts octahedral connectivity, leading to structural collapse.

Purpose of the Study:

To design robust coordination agents for perovskite surface/interface stabilization.
To enhance the efficiency and operational stability of perovskite solar cells.

Main Methods:

Design of indium-based octahedral motifs: (PMA)4InCl7 (PIC) and (PMA)4NaInCl8 (PNIC).
Utilizing PNIC for coherent interfacial coupling with 3D perovskites via In(Na)-Cl and Pb-I unit interaction.
Immobilization of formamidinium cations and Pb-I octahedra at interfaces.

Main Results:

PNIC forms a coherent inorganic framework, enabling octahedral-level coupling.
Enhanced carrier transport dynamics due to favorable band alignment and reduced interfacial imperfections.
Achieved 27.29% certified efficiency for perovskite solar cells and 24% for minimodules.
Demonstrated high operational stability, retaining over 98% efficiency after 3,000 hours.

Conclusions:

Indium-based coordination agents effectively stabilize perovskite interfaces.
Rigid octahedral coupling suppresses structural freedom and enhances device performance.
The developed strategy offers a promising pathway for high-efficiency, stable perovskite solar cells.