Do suicide attempts increase in severity or frequency across repeat attempts?

There is limited longitudinal study of changes in severity (defined by intent and lethality scores) across multiple suicide attempts in patients with mood disorders. This analysis investigated whether medical lethality or intent increased or time interval decreased across repeated suicide attempts as would be predicted by a sensitization framework.

We conducted a secondary data analysis of adult participants with multiple suicide attempts from a well-characterized prospective cohort study, the National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Depression Study (CDS). Each suicide attempt was rated for its intent and lethality using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS). Ordinal generalized estimating equations were used to assess changes in intent and lethality across repeat attempts.

Over a mean of 19 years follow-up, 146 participants had repeat suicide attempts; in total, there were 654 observed attempts and 7 deaths over follow-up. No evidence of consistent decreasing time intervals between suicide attempts was found. Intent scores showed a potential decrease (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93-1.00, p = 0.03) while lethality scores (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.96-1.06, p = 0.69) did not show evidence of increasing across attempts.

This high-acuity clinical sample with mood disorders recruited from academic medical centers may not generalize to other populations.

This study found no evidence of increasing intent, lethality or frequency in repeat suicide attempts. This suggests that individuals with mood disorders are not destined for a progressively worsening course when it comes to suicidal behaviour.