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Generation of Airway Epithelial Cell Air-Liquid Interface Cultures from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Type 2 Endotypes in Airway Diseases.

Angel Maldonado¹, Malena Del Campo-Grijalba¹, Alba Angelina¹

¹Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.

Archivos De Bronconeumologia

|June 6, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Asthma and COPD involve type 2 (T2) inflammation. New biologics target T2 pathways in T2-high asthma and T2-COPD, improving treatment and precision medicine for chronic airway diseases.

Keywords:

Asthma Biologics COPD T2 endotypes Type 2 inflammation

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Pulmonology
Pharmacology

Background:

Asthma and COPD are leading chronic airway diseases impacting global health.
Both conditions are complex syndromes with distinct pheno-endotypes.
Type 2 (T2) inflammation is increasingly recognized in both asthma and COPD.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role of T2 inflammation in asthma and COPD.
To discuss current and emerging biologic therapies targeting T2 pathways.
To highlight the importance of understanding T2 endotypes for precision medicine.

Main Methods:

Literature review of T2 inflammation in asthma and COPD.
Analysis of approved and investigational biologic therapies.
Discussion of biomarkers and therapeutic targets for T2-driven airway diseases.

Main Results:

Asthma exhibits T2-high (eosinophilic) and T2-low phenotypes.
A subset of COPD patients (T2-COPD) shows significant T2 immune responses.
Six biologics are approved for T2-high asthma; two for T2-COPD, with more in development.

Conclusions:

Targeting T2 inflammation offers effective treatment strategies for specific asthma and COPD endotypes.
Biomarker identification is crucial for stratifying patients and advancing precision medicine.
Further research into T2 mechanisms will drive novel therapeutic and preventive approaches.