Unraveling the Complexity of Multilingual Comprehension: Neuroimaging and Linguistic Profiling in 700+ Adults

The neural mechanisms underlying language processing involve a well-defined brain network, including mainly left perisylvian areas. Yet, the extent of individual variability remains largely unexplored, particularly in bilingual and multilingual contexts. Differences in linguistic profiles (e.g., age of acquisition, exposure, proficiency) provide an opportunity to assess how network topology is shaped by sociolinguistic factors. To address this, we developed NEUROLINGUA, a comprehensive database of functional and structural MRI data, enriched with sociodemographic, sociolinguistic, and behavioral information. It includes 725 healthy individuals aged 18-82 immersed in a Basque-Spanish multilingual environment, ranging from near-monolinguals to highly proficient multilinguals. Participants completed a functional MRI language localizer with both auditory and visual comprehension tasks, enabling cross-modal comparisons, as well as sentences involving arithmetic problem-solving. Exploratory analyses confirmed associations between structural MRI, sociodemographic, and cognitive measures. We demonstrate that NEUROLINGUA's functional MRI data localize the language comprehension network and thus capture linguistic profile effects. This integrative dataset offers an unparalleled resource to investigate factors influencing language network adaptability and variability in diverse sociolinguistic contexts.