Core stability versus postural control training for pain, disability, and sensorimotor function in chronic...

Chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP) often involves impaired sensorimotor control and functional limitations. This study compared the effects of core stability training (CST) and postural control training (PCT) on pain, functional disability, proprioception, balance, and quality of life (QOL) in middle-aged women with CNSLBP. In a three-arm, assessor-blinded RCT, 51 women were randomized to PCT (n = 17), CST (n = 17), or a control group (n = 17). Pain (VAS), proprioception (goniometric joint repositioning), static balance (Stork test), functional disability (Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire [RMDQ] and Oswestry Disability Index [ODI]), and QOL (SF-36) were assessed. Between-group differences were analyzed using mean differences and confidence intervals, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The CST group demonstrated significant reductions in ODI (MD = -13.36, 95% CI: -16.63 to -10.10, p < 0.001), RMDQ (MD = -4.82, 95% CI: -5.37 to -4.28, p < 0.001), and pain (MD = -2.48, 95% CI: -3.03 to -1.93, p < 0.001). Similarly, the PCT group showed significant improvements in ODI (MD = -14.05, 95% CI: -17.04 to -11.07, p < 0.001), RMDQ (MD = -4.42, 95% CI: -4.94 to -3.90, p < 0.001), and pain (MD = -2.96, 95% CI: -3.47 to -2.46, p < 0.001). In addition, proprioception improved significantly only in the PCT group, while no significant change was observed in the CST group (p = 0.17) compared with controls. Both CST and PCT effectively reduced pain and disability in women with CNSLBP. PCT demonstrated greater improvements in lumbo-pelvic proprioception compared with control, suggesting potential benefits for sensorimotor function. These findings support a multidimensional approach to CNSLBP rehabilitation targeting both pain and neuromuscular impairments.Clinical trial registration: This study was a priori registered at IRCT20250519065806N2 on 12 April 2026.