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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources01:13

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
Two common narrow-range 'line' sources used in AAS are hollow-cathode lamps (HCLs) and...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
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Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...

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Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator
07:31

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator

Published on: May 9, 2014

Alpha DaRT source activity confirmation using a reentrant well-type ionization chamber.

Christopher L Deufel1, Jasmine L Ordog2, Kyle Underwood2

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

Medical Physics
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new method using a well-type ionization chamber accurately verifies the activity of Radium-224 Alpha DaRT sources before cancer treatment. This quality assurance ensures precise radiation delivery while maintaining applicator sterility.

Keywords:
Alpha DaRTalpha radiationbrachytherapyquality assurancewell chamber

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Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Alpha-emitting radionuclides offer precise cancer therapy due to high linear energy transfer and limited tissue penetration.
  • Diffusing Alpha-emitters Radiation Therapy (Alpha DaRT) utilizes Radium-224 (Ra-224) sources implanted directly into tumors.
  • Alpha DaRT has shown promise in preclinical and clinical trials for various cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Develop reliable methods for verifying Alpha DaRT source activity before treatment to ensure accurate radiation delivery.
  • Establish a protocol for assessing Ra-224 source activity within Alpha DaRT applicators using gamma emissions, as direct alpha particle measurement is impractical.
  • Provide a practical method for quality assurance that detects errors without compromising applicator sterility.

Main Methods:

  • Ra-224 Alpha DaRT sources in sterile Flex and Needle applicators were assessed.
  • Source activity was verified using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector.
  • Calibration factors were established using an IVB1000 well-type ionization chamber, with measurements corrected for environmental factors.

Main Results:

  • HPGe measurements confirmed vendor-stated activities.
  • Average calibration coefficients were determined for Flex (233 ± 3 kBq/pA) and Needle (597 ± 7 kBq/pA) applicators.
  • Quality assurance on 26 Flex applicators showed a mean difference of 1.1 ± 5.8% compared to vendor-stated activity.

Conclusions:

  • A reentrant well-type ionization chamber is effective for pre-treatment quality assurance of Ra-224 Alpha DaRT applicators.
  • This method allows for verification of vendor-stated activity while maintaining applicator sterility.
  • The established protocol supports accurate and consistent radiation delivery in Alpha DaRT treatments.