Research progress in imaging detection of brain metastases

Brain metastasis (BM) is a common and severe complication of advanced cancer, and early, accurate diagnosis is critical to improving patient outcomes. This study comprehensively analyzes the characteristics of various imaging techniques for detecting BM. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains the primary diagnostic method due to its high soft-tissue resolution, while advanced MRI techniques have improved the detection of small lesions. Computed tomography (CT) is valuable for rapid emergency assessment but is limited by lower soft-tissue resolution and radiation exposure. PET imaging offers unique advantages in functional imaging and treatment response differentiation, though constrained by signal-to-noise ratio limitations. Multimodal fusion techniques (e.g., PET/CT, PET/MRI) integrate anatomical and functional information to enhance diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, radiomics and AI extract high-dimensional features and construct predictive models, enabling precise identification and personalized treatment. This article reviews the progress and clinical applications of these imaging techniques.