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Programmable calculus operations in electromagnetic space using space-time-coding metasurface.

Hao Tian Shi1, Lei Zhang1, Rui Yuan Wu2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.

National Science Review
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a space-time-coding metasurface (STCM) system for performing calculus operations on electromagnetic (EM) waves. The programmable STCM enables real-time differentiation and integration, advancing wave-based computation.

Keywords:
calculus operationelectromagnetic spacemathematic operationprogrammablespace-time-coding metasurface

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Area of Science:

  • Electromagnetism
  • Metamaterials Science
  • Applied Physics

Background:

  • Metasurfaces offer advanced control over electromagnetic (EM) waves.
  • Programmable metasurfaces are crucial for simplifying complex information systems.
  • Wave-based computation using metasurfaces is an emerging research area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a space-time-coding metasurface (STCM) system for performing calculus operations directly on EM waves.
  • To demonstrate the STCM's capability for real-time, programmable differentiation and integration.
  • To validate the system's feasibility through theoretical, numerical, and experimental approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a space-time-coding metasurface (STCM) system.
  • Exploitation of harmonic characteristics induced by time-varying coding for meta-atom control.
  • Design and numerical simulation of space-time-coding sequences for calculus operations.
  • Experimental validation using a programmable 2-bit STCM.

Main Results:

  • The STCM system successfully performs calculus operations (differentiation and integration) on spatial energy distributions of EM waves.
  • Programmable space-time-coding sequences enable dynamic switching between different calculus tasks.
  • Independent and simultaneous implementation of multiple calculus operations on incident EM waves was achieved.
  • Experimental results show good agreement with theoretical predictions and numerical simulations.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed STCM system provides a feasible method for performing calculus operations in electromagnetic space.
  • The STCM's programmability and real-time functionality offer broad application prospects in EM wave manipulation, wireless communications, and signal processing.
  • This work advances the field of wave-based computation and programmable metasurfaces.