Disseminated Toxoplasmosis Presenting With Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in a Kidney Transplant Recipient

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a serious medical disorder characterized by uncontrolled activation of the immune system, leading to a cytokine storm. It can be triggered by infection in patients with genetic predisposition, immunosuppression, or malignancy. Disseminated Toxoplasma gondii infection is a rare but recognized trigger in solid organ transplant recipients, particularly in the presence of donor-recipient serologic mismatch. HLH presents with non-specific clinical, systemic, and laboratory abnormalities. We present a case of a 42-year-old man, with a history of kidney transplantation, who presented with a one-week history of fever, diarrhea, and fatigue, diagnosed with HLH due to disseminated toxoplasmosis.