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The Scientific Method

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves formulating a question based on observation, developing a testable potential explanation for the observation (called a hypothesis), making and testing predictions based on the hypothesis, and using the findings to create new hypotheses and predictions.Generally, predictions are tested using carefully-designed experiments. Based on the outcome of these...

Factorial Design

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Factorial Analysis is an experimental design that applies Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical procedures to examine a change in a dependent variable due to more than one independent variable, also known as factors. Changes in worker productivity can be reasoned, for example, to be influenced by salary and other conditions, such as skill level. One way to test this hypothesis is by categorizing salary into three levels (low, moderate, and high) and skills sets into two levels (entry level...

Adhesion

Adhesion

Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow glass...

Proofreading

Proofreading

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Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

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In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
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Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases

Published on: October 24, 2019

Academic conference posters: A systematic review.

Michael J Peeters¹, Wade Lee-Smith², David D Allen³

¹College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo.

Innovations in Pharmacy

|June 8, 2026

Summary

Scholarly posters are vital for research dissemination and professional growth. This review highlights that effective visual communication and scientific rigor are key to poster quality, with educational posters showing pedagogical promise.

Keywords:

academic posters mixed methods systematic review posters research posters review scientific posters systematic review

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Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases

Published on: October 24, 2019

Area of Science:

Scientific communication
Educational technology

Background:

Scholarly posters are crucial for research dissemination and professional development among faculty, trainees, and students.
Unlike journal manuscripts, the quality and guidance for academic posters can vary significantly.
A comprehensive review of existing literature on the content and value of scholarly posters is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the existing literature on academic-style posters.
To identify key themes and insights regarding the content, quality, and application of scholarly posters.

Main Methods:

A systematic search of 10 education, psychology, and health-sciences databases was conducted.
Articles were screened by title and abstract, followed by a mixed-methods systematic review involving qualitative thematic analysis and quantitative content analysis.
Two authors independently reviewed each included article.

Main Results:

The review identified 439 relevant articles, primarily from health professions, categorized into Poster Guidance, Quality Rubrics, Posters in Education, Technology Integration, and Supportive Aids.
An overarching theme of posters as Science-based Visual Communication was identified across all categories.
Visual communication and scientific rigor were identified as vital for poster quality.

Conclusions:

Effective visual communication and scientific rigor are essential for high-quality scholarly posters.
Current assessment rubrics for posters lack substantial psychometric evidence.
Posters are a valuable and numerous pedagogical tool in educational settings, contributing to professional development.