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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...

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X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
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Published on: September 11, 2011

A python framework for single-image characterization of X-ray focal spot distribution and detector point spread

Jacopo Altieri1,2, Paolo Cardarelli2, Giovanni Di Domenico1,2

  • 1Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.

Medical Physics
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

SCOPE-XR is a new open-source Python software for automated 2D characterization of X-ray focal spot (FS) dimensions and detector Point Spread Function (PSF). This tool enhances radiographic quality assurance and simplifies routine testing for medical physicists.

Keywords:
X‐ray imagingfocal spotimage reconstructionopen‐sourcepoint spread functionpython softwarequality assurance

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiographic Imaging
  • Image Reconstruction

Background:

  • Accurate characterization of X-ray focal spot (FS) and detector Point Spread Function (PSF) is crucial for radiographic quality assurance.
  • Traditional methods for FS and PSF characterization are often limited to 1D or require complex setups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce SCOPE-XR, an open-source Python framework for automated 2D estimation of FS and detector PSF.
  • Provide a streamlined solution for medical physicists and researchers in radiographic quality control.

Main Methods:

  • SCOPE-XR utilizes automatic circle detection, derivation, and pseudo-CT reconstruction.
  • An oversampling strategy is incorporated to enhance PSF reconstruction accuracy.
  • The software is validated using simulated and experimental clinical data.

Main Results:

  • SCOPE-XR enables fully automated 2D estimation of FS distributions and detector PSF from single radiographs.
  • High fidelity in characterizing source morphology and detector responses was demonstrated.
  • The software is cross-platform compatible and requires minimal computational resources.

Conclusions:

  • SCOPE-XR offers a practical, automated alternative to traditional radiographic measurement techniques.
  • Applications include streamlined evaluation of imaging system performance during acceptance testing and routine quality control.
  • The open-source framework facilitates system design characterization and reproducibility.