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Related Concept Videos

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) involves the recurrent backflow of the stomach or duodenal contents into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential esophageal mucosal damage. Although GERD is often referred to as a disease, it is more accurately described as a syndrome, as it encompasses a range of symptoms and complications rather than a singular pathological entity, impacting a large number of individuals as the most prevalent upper gastrointestinal problem. Roughly...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease01:25

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the backward flow of stomach contents (acid, pepsin, or bile) into the esophagus, causing mucosal inflammation known as esophagitis. It results from failure of antireflux mechanisms, mainly the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), influenced by mechanical and physiological factors.Etiology and Risk FactorsGERD develops when LES function is weakened or when intra-abdominal pressure increases. Risk factors include aging, obesity, and sliding hiatal hernia,...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a persistent medical condition that affects many individuals worldwide. Its clinical manifestations can vary greatly, making diagnosis and management challenging for healthcare professionals. The following is a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations, assessment, and management strategies for GERD.
Clinical Manifestations
GERD presents itself in a multitude of ways, with symptoms varying from person to person. The hallmark symptoms are...
Gross Anatomy of the Stomach01:16

Gross Anatomy of the Stomach

The human stomach is a vital part of the digestive system, performing multiple functions. It is located within the peritoneum, a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. The stomach plays a central role in processing food substances and interacts with other digestive organs through coordinated digestive processes. The stomach has a characteristic J-shape and is divided into four main regions. The cardia is the first section where the esophagus connects to the stomach and is the entry...
Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...
Hiatal Hernia01:25

Hiatal Hernia

A hiatal hernia is the abnormal protrusion of the stomach or other abdominal organs through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.Normally, the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) lies below the diaphragm and is supported by the phrenoesophageal membrane, the diaphragmatic crura, and connective tissues. Weakening of these structures—due to aging, congenital defects like a short esophagus, or increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, obesity, pregnancy, or heavy...

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Related Experiment Videos

How to Define the Gastroesophageal Junction.

Ken-Ichi Mukaisho1, Sachiko Kaida2, Takahisa Nakayama3

  • 1Education Center for Medicine and Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.

Digestive Endoscopy : Official Journal of the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinomas are rising. The Kyoto international consensus offers a new definition for the GEJ, improving classification and guiding future research for better treatment of GEJ cancer.

Keywords:
Barrett's epitheliumcardiac‐type mucosadistal end of the palisade vesselsgastroesophageal junction

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Oncology
  • Cancer Classification and Diagnosis

Background:

  • Adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) are increasing globally.
  • Existing classifications (Siewert, Nishi) lack universal acceptance, hindering identification and treatment.
  • Cardiac mucosa presence and intestinal metaplasia, influenced by factors like reflux and age, complicate GEJ cancer classification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the Kyoto international consensus definition of the GEJ.
  • To discuss the implications of this new definition for classifying GEJ adenocarcinomas.
  • To highlight the role of CDX2 expression in intestinal metaplasia and its relevance to GEJ cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current GEJ classifications and the proposed Kyoto international consensus definition.
  • Discussion of the biological basis of cardiac mucosa and intestinal metaplasia in the GEJ.
  • Exploration of how the Kyoto consensus aids in differentiating esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), GEJ cancer, and gastric adenocarcinoma.

Main Results:

  • The Kyoto consensus defines the GEJ zone anatomically (1 cm above and below the distal end of palisade vessels).
  • This definition facilitates clearer differentiation between EAC, GEJ cancer, and non-GEJ gastric cancer.
  • CDX2 expression is identified as a key factor in intestinal metaplasia development.

Conclusions:

  • The Kyoto international consensus provides a more transparent and widely acceptable framework for GEJ cancer classification.
  • Improved classification is crucial for enhancing identification and guiding treatment strategies for GEJ adenocarcinoma.
  • Future research combining the Kyoto classification with molecular analyses will yield significant insights into GEJ cancers.