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Factors affecting the National Incident Management System: A systematic review
Esmaeil Ahmadi1, Mahmoudreza Peyravi2, Milad Ahmadi Marzaleh3
1Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6781-5867.
Introduction:
This systematic review examines factors affecting the improvement of the National Incident Management System (NIMS) in addressing complex disaster risks and management challenges, spanning from January 1, 1980, to February 27, 2025.
Methodology:
A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Embase (1980-2025). Articles were selected using predefined keywords and analyzed for factors influencing the NIMS. Two researchers independently verified all stages.
Results:
This systematic review identified 1,038 articles, with 13 meeting inclusion criteria. Findings emphasize that the NIMS necessitates multilevel engagement (national, state, local, tribal, governmental, private, and nongovernmental) and critical components: fostering intra- and interorganizational collaboration through preparedness culture, training, and knowledge-sharing; integrating strategic planning, engineering management, and professional institutions; prioritizing resilience, flexibility, and agility; establishing shared mental models and enabling civilmilitary coordination; ensuring strong leadership, mitigating environmental barriers, learning from past disasters, addressing political, governance, and managerial challenges, and leveraging financial/technical resources alongside emerging technologies.
Conclusion:
Strengthening the NIMS hinges on integrating four interconnected domains: I. OrganizationalManagerial: multilevel coordination, unified leadership, agile strategies, and resilience-building through past disaster lessons. II. HumanCultural: continuous personnel training, shared conceptual frameworks, and interorganizational collaboration. III. PoliticalEconomic: policy reforms to address systemic barriers, strategic planning, and sustainable funding. IV. TechnologicalEnvironmental: artificial intelligence, social media, adaptive infrastructure, and climate-resilient solutions. These factors must be cohesively embedded in macrolevel policymaking and strategic frameworks to optimize disaster management efficacy.
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