Advanced Adsorbents for Solid-Phase Extraction of Parabens: Progress and Prospects in Trace Analysis

Parabens are widely used preservatives known for their endocrine-disrupting potential and environmental persistence, which raises significant health and ecological concerns. This review is the first to systematically summarize the solid-phase extraction (SPE) adsorbents developed over the past decade for the enrichment and trace analysis of parabens. It covers advanced materials, including covalent organic frameworks, molecularly imprinted polymers, metal-organic frameworks, carbon-based nanomaterials, and their composites. Beyond summarizing adsorption mechanisms such as π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding, this work critically evaluates the strengths, limitations, and applicability of each type of adsorbent. By comparing their performance across different matrices, it also outlines future directions for material development and optimization of analytical conditions for practical applications. Finally, the future directions of SPE adsorbents for parabens are discussed, aiming to provide insights and recommendations to guide future research and the development of advanced adsorbents for trace analysis of parabens.