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Related Concept Videos

Upper GI Series: Barium Swallow01:24

Upper GI Series: Barium Swallow

The Barium Swallow Study, or a Barium Esophagogram, is a diagnostic imaging method used to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It employs barium sulfate, a radiopaque contrast material, to provide clear images of the upper digestive system, helping to identify abnormalities, diseases, or structural issues.
Purpose and Procedure
Patients undergoing this procedure ingest a liquid containing barium sulfate with a chalky...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Investigations on the Ga(III) Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue
11:22

Investigations on the Ga(III) Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue

Published on: August 17, 2016

Straightforward PET phantom preparation using 68Gallium diluted with acid.

Tensho Yamao1, Kenta Miwa2,3, Koki Hasegawa1,4

  • 1Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, 10-6 Sakaemachi, Fukushima-Shi, Fukushima, 960-8516, Japan.

Annals of Nuclear Medicine
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Preparing phantoms for quantitative Gallium-68 (68Ga) PET is simplified by diluting 68Ga3+ in acidic solutions like HCl or citric acid, ensuring reliable uniformity for quality assurance.

Keywords:
68GalliumAcidic dilutionImagingPhantomUniformity

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Radiochemistry
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Quantitative Positron Emission Tomography (PET) relies on accurate phantom preparations for quality assurance and calibration.
  • Gallium-68 (68Ga) is a widely used PET radionuclide, necessitating practical methods for phantom creation.
  • Ensuring spatial uniformity and stability in 68Ga PET phantoms is crucial for reliable quantitative imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a user-friendly and practical method for preparing phantoms for routine quantitative 68Gallium (68Ga) PET imaging.
  • To evaluate different methods of preparing 68Ga phantoms regarding their spatial uniformity and image noise characteristics.
  • To establish reliable phantom preparation techniques for quality assurance and cross-calibration in 68Ga PET.

Main Methods:

  • Produced gallium ions from a 68Ge/68Ga generator in 0.05 M HCl.
  • Prepared phantoms by direct dilution of 68Ga3+ in water, neutralization then dilution, radiolabeling with PSMA-617 then dilution, direct addition to 0.05 M HCl, or 0.1 M citric acid.
  • Scanned cylindrical phantoms for 60 minutes, reconstructing images into 5-minute frames to assess temporal changes in uniformity and noise using SD, CV, SUVmean, and pixel-wise analysis.

Main Results:

  • Phantom preparation via neutralization in NaOH resulted in non-uniform activity distribution and deteriorating spatial uniformity over time.
  • Methods involving direct dilution in 0.05 M HCl or 0.1 M citric acid, and radiolabeling with PSMA-617, yielded visually homogeneous images with stable spatial uniformity.
  • Quantitative analysis indicated that acidic dilutions (HCl, citric acid) provided more stable uniformity compared to direct water dilution, despite visual homogeneity in the latter.

Conclusions:

  • Diluting 68Ga3+ in 0.05 M HCl or 0.1 M citric acid provides a reliable method for preparing uniform 68Ga PET phantoms.
  • These acidic dilution methods offer spatial uniformity comparable to radiolabeling techniques, suitable for quality assurance and cross-calibration.
  • The developed approaches are practical and user-friendly for routine quantitative 68Ga PET applications.