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A Stretchable Coaxial Fiber Sensor for Complex Deformation-Mode Discrimination in Medical Balloon Sensing.

Jinxing Wang¹, Xinxin Chang¹, Yulian Peng¹

¹Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

|June 9, 2026

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A novel liquid-metal coaxial fiber sensor (LM-CFS) can distinguish complex deformations in soft medical balloons. This stretchable sensor uses dual electrical pathways to accurately monitor balloon states, improving device understanding and application.

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Biomedical Engineering
Soft Robotics

Background:

Sensing complex deformations in compliant medical balloons is challenging due to coupled mechanical responses.
Existing stretchable fiber sensors struggle to differentiate between axial strain, radial compression, and local contact.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a highly stretchable liquid-metal coaxial fiber sensor (LM-CFS) for discriminating complex deformation modes in balloon-like soft systems.
To enable state-aware deformation sensing for improved understanding of compliant medical interfaces.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a LM-CFS with a liquid-metal core, silicone dielectric layer, and CNT/silicone composite shell.
Utilizing complementary electromechanical pathways: core resistance (Rcore) for constriction and coaxial capacitance (Ccoax) for distributed strain.

Keywords:

Liquid-metal coaxial fiber balloon deformation sensing deformation-topology discrimination dual-path electromechanical sensing reduced proximity sensitivity

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Mapping changes in Rcore and Ccoax into a phase space to resolve different deformation modes.

Main Results:

Distinct resolution of uniaxial stretching, full-length radial compression, and local compression in the ΔRcore-ΔC phase space.
Demonstrated ability to decode balloon expansion, wrinkling, distributed confinement, and localized contact into interpretable phase-space branches.
Reduced capacitance disturbance due to the internally confined coaxial geometry.

Conclusions:

The LM-CFS offers a compact and mechanism-interpretable sensing strategy for compliant biomedical interfaces.
This technology enables precise monitoring of complex deformation states in balloon-like structures.
Advances state-aware sensing for improved medical device performance and diagnostics.