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Related Concept Videos

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
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Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Anatomy of the Eyeball

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Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
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Published on: April 11, 2025

Visual Outcomes and Associated Risk Factors for Blindness in Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome.

Kasem Seresirikachorn1, Warakorn Thiamthat1, Elena Bitrian2

  • 1From the Department of Ophthalmology (K.S. and W.T.), College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Rajavithi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Ophthalmology (K.S. and W.T.), Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand.

American Journal of Ophthalmology
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome (ARS) patients with glaucoma face a high risk of blindness, with nearly 40% affected within 10 years. Key risk factors include poor vision, high IOP, and corneal clouding, necessitating early intervention.

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Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
07:11

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential

Published on: May 25, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Genetics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome (ARS) is a genetic disorder affecting eye development.
  • Glaucoma is a common and severe complication of ARS, leading to vision loss.
  • Long-term visual outcomes and blindness risk factors in ARS-related glaucoma are not well-established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate long-term visual outcomes in Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome (ARS).
  • To quantify blindness rates in ARS-related glaucoma.
  • To identify risk factors associated with blindness in ARS patients with glaucoma.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study including surgically naïve ARS patients diagnosed before age 18.
  • Data collected from three tertiary hospitals in Thailand and the United States (2004-2023).
  • Visual status classified per WHO criteria; outcomes included visual impairment/blindness proportions and progression over time.

Main Results:

  • Glaucoma developed in 55.5% of ARS eyes; 17.4% were blind at presentation, rising to 36.3% by 10 years.
  • Risk factors for blindness included poor initial visual acuity, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma surgeries, cloudy cornea, female sex, and Asian ethnicity.
  • Pathogenic FOXC1 variants were identified in 2 of 5 families, all with significant visual impairment.

Conclusions:

  • Nearly 40% of ARS eyes with glaucoma progress to blindness within a decade.
  • Early detection, aggressive IOP management, and close monitoring are crucial for vision preservation in ARS.
  • Identifying and managing risk factors like poor VA, elevated IOP, and corneal opacity are vital for improving long-term visual outcomes.