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The ovine temporal bone for otologic surgery training: a systematic review.

João H Z Dos Santos^1,2, Juliana G de Araújo^3,4, André L L Sampaio^3,4

¹Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF, Brazil. jhzanotelli@yahoo.com.br.

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery

|June 9, 2026

Summary

Ovine temporal bones offer a realistic and cost-effective model for otologic surgical training. This systematic review confirms their anatomical accuracy and suitability for various surgical procedures, supporting their integration into training programs.

Keywords:

Anatomy Otologic Surgery Sheep Surgical Training Temporal Bone

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Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Surgical Education
Anatomical Modeling

Background:

Otologic surgery demands advanced skills and anatomical knowledge.
Limited availability of human temporal bones necessitates alternative training models.
Ovine temporal bone models present a potential solution for surgical training.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review ovine temporal bone models for otologic surgical training.
To evaluate their anatomical features, surgical access, and applicability.
To assess their role in enhancing surgical skills and confidence.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar.
Inclusion of studies on ovine temporal bone anatomy and surgical training use.
Data extraction following PRISMA guidelines.

Main Results:

Twenty-six studies included, showing close anatomical correspondence between sheep and human temporal bones.
Various surgical approaches (retroauricular, transcanal, retrosigmoid) and procedures (tympanoplasty, cochlear implantation) were feasible.
Models reported as low-cost, available, and ethically acceptable, with reported improvements in operative time and technical accuracy.

Conclusions:

Ovine temporal bone models are feasible and ethically sound for otologic surgical training.
Anatomical realism supports diverse procedures, but human differences must be considered.
Incorporation into structured training programs is recommended.