Disaster risk management and SME resilience in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and evidence map

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in employment creation and local economic stability, yet they are highly vulnerable to disasters and operational disruptions. This study synthesises existing evidence on risk management frameworks used by SMEs in low- and middle-income countries and examines how these approaches contribute to disaster risk reduction and business continuity. A PRISMA-guided systematic review was conducted using major academic databases and selected grey literature covering the period 2000 to 2025. Eligible studies examined the application or adaptation of structured risk management approaches, including enterprise risk management, business continuity management and related frameworks in SME contexts. The search identified 2 640 records, of which 76 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings indicate that simplified versions of internationally recognised frameworks, particularly ISO-aligned risk management, COSO-based enterprise risk management and business continuity toolkits, are most frequently adopted by SMEs. Across sectors and regions, these approaches are associated with improved preparedness, increased risk awareness and shorter recovery times following disruptions. However, evidence linking adoption to sustained financial performance or long-term resilience remains limited. The review also highlights important gaps in the evidence base, including limited use of causal research designs, reliance on self-reported measures and the underrepresentation of micro, informal and women-owned enterprises.

Despite these limitations, the findings suggest that proportionate and context-sensitive practices can strengthen SME preparedness and recovery capacity. Policymakers and support institutions should promote accessible guidance, phased adoption pathways and practical continuity tools to better integrate SME resilience into local disaster risk reduction strategies.