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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

In Situ Measurement of Vacuum Window Birefringence using 25Mg+ Fluorescence
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Silicon-based vacuum window for millimeter- and submillimeter-wave astrophysics.

Ryota Takaku, Scott Cray, Kosuke Aizawa

    Applied Optics
    |June 10, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed a silicon vacuum window for millimeter-wave astronomy, achieving 99.6% transmittance. This high-performance window is ideal for sensitive astrophysical applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Astrophysics
    • Materials Science
    • Optics

    Background:

    • Millimeter-wave astronomy requires specialized components for sensitive observations.
    • Vacuum windows are critical for maintaining instrument integrity and performance in space-based or ground-based telescopes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design, fabricate, and characterize a novel silicon-based vacuum window for millimeter-wave astrophysical applications.
    • To evaluate the optical properties and suitability of the window for high-frequency astronomical instruments.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a silicon-based vacuum window with specific dimensions (124 mm diameter, 68 mm usable diameter, 4 mm thickness).
    • Application of an anti-reflection coating using laser-ablated sub-wavelength structures (SWS).
    • Characterization of optical properties, including transmittance and reflectance, across a fractional bandwidth of 67% centered at 300 GHz.

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    Main Results:

    • The silicon vacuum window exhibits high average transmittance (99.6±3.5%) and low reflectance (1.3±1.4%).
    • Optical performance agrees with modeling based on measured SWS shapes.
    • Absorptive loss was below the detection limit of the measurement.
    • The window was successfully integrated into the DESHIMA 2.0 instrument for year-long observations.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed silicon vacuum window meets the stringent requirements for millimeter-wave astrophysical applications.
    • The use of laser-ablated SWS for anti-reflection coatings is effective for achieving high transmittance.
    • The window's performance and successful integration demonstrate its viability for advanced astronomical instruments.