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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Robust and Highly Reproducible Generation of Cortical Brain Organoids for Modelling Brain Neuronal Senescence In Vitro
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Published on: May 5, 2022

Persistent and transient senescent cells contribute to brain-barrier development.

L Ashley Watson1, Zoe Adelsheim1, Mackenzie J Carter1

  • 1Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Cell
|June 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developmentally programmed senescent cells are crucial for forming the brain's protective barriers. These p21-positive cells adopt distinct states, supporting blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier integrity.

Keywords:
blood-brain barrierblood-cerebrospinal fluid barrierbrain developmentbrain-resident macrophageschoroid plexussenescencevascular endothelial cells

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08:04

Derivation, Expansion, Cryopreservation and Characterization of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • The formation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier is vital for brain protection and nourishment.
  • Precise cellular coordination is required for establishing these critical brain interfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize developmentally programmed senescent cells at the brain's interfaces.
  • To investigate the distinct roles and states of p21-positive senescent cells in BBB and blood-CSF barrier formation in mice.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of p21-positive senescent cells in mouse models.
  • Analysis of senescence-associated features in choroid plexus epithelial cells and brain vascular cells.
  • Investigation of the effects of ablating p21-positive cells during embryonic development.

Main Results:

  • p21-positive senescent cells exhibit divergent states: lifelong non-inflammatory in choroid plexus (ChP) epithelial cells and transient pro-inflammatory in vascular cells and macrophages.
  • ChP senescent cells are linked to CSF production and blood-CSF barrier integrity.
  • Transient senescence in vascular cells and macrophages is involved in brain vascularization, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix assembly.
  • Ablation of p21-positive cells in mid-gestation disrupts brain vascular patterning, ChP integrity, leading to hemorrhage, impaired CSF production, and ventricular collapse.

Conclusions:

  • Embryonic senescent cells adopt divergent transient and long-lived states essential for brain barrier formation and homeostasis.
  • This study reframes the understanding of senescence, highlighting its non-pathological roles in early development.