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Related Concept Videos

RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA has a double-helix structure. The...
Proofreading01:43

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules starts when DNA polymerase links nucleotides together in a sequence that is complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity for the correct base to ensure fidelity in DNA replication. The DNA polymerase furthermore proofreads during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.Errors during Replication Are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase EnzymeGenomic DNA is synthesized in...
Proofreading01:31

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity to add the correct base and ensures fidelity during DNA replication. Furthermore,  it exhibits proofreading activity during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.
Errors During Replication are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase Enzyme
Restriction Enzymes01:11

Restriction Enzymes

Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
The host bacteria protect their own genomic DNA from these enzymes by methylating these sites. Some...
RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...

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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing
08:50

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing

Published on: April 21, 2022

RNA structure programs endogenous ADAR for precise and efficient editing.

Deli Song1, Gexing Liu1, Wei Zhang2

  • 1Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Modulation Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China.

Cell
|June 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Engineered RNA molecules (arRNAs) can now precisely edit RNA by recruiting the body's own enzymes (ADAR). This new platform, LEAPER 3.0, improves RNA editing efficiency and accuracy for therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
AATDADARAlphaFold3DMDLEAPERRNA editingUsher syndromearRNAscircular RNAengineered ADAR-recruiting RNAs

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CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of the C. elegans rbm-3.2 Gene using the dpy-10 Co-CRISPR Screening Marker and Assembled Ribonucleoprotein Complexes.

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Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms
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CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of the C. elegans rbm-3.2 Gene using the dpy-10 Co-CRISPR Screening Marker and Assembled Ribonucleoprotein Complexes.
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CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of the C. elegans rbm-3.2 Gene using the dpy-10 Co-CRISPR Screening Marker and Assembled Ribonucleoprotein Complexes.

Published on: December 11, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Therapeutics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Endogenous adenosine deaminase (ADAR) enzymes offer a safe, programmable strategy for RNA editing.
  • Current limitations in understanding ADAR's mechanism hinder the rational design of efficient and precise ADAR-recruiting RNAs (arRNAs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present LEAPER 3.0, a next-generation RNA-editing platform.
  • To define the molecular interface between ADAR1/ADAR2 and double-stranded RNA using structural predictions and biochemical assays.
  • To rationally optimize arRNAs for enhanced editing efficiency and precision.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of AlphaFold 3 structural predictions with systematic biochemical and cellular assays.
  • Defining the molecular interface between ADAR enzymes and double-stranded RNA.
  • Rational optimization of arRNAs based on elucidated structural and mechanistic principles.

Main Results:

  • Expanded the editable sequence range of arRNAs to previously refractory sites.
  • Suppressed bystander editing within double-stranded RNA regions.
  • Achieved single-nucleotide discrimination among adjacent adenosines.
  • Demonstrated a framework for rational arRNA design.

Conclusions:

  • Elucidated structural and mechanistic principles underlying arRNA-mediated RNA editing.
  • Established a framework for designing highly efficient and precise adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA-editing tools.
  • LEAPER 3.0 represents a significant advancement in programmable RNA editing technology.