Defying inflammation-driven early-onset colorectal cancer: predict, prevent, and personalize

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Immunology
• Public Health

Background:

• Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) incidence is rising globally.
• Chronic low-grade inflammation (CLGI) is increasingly recognized as a key factor in EOCRC development.
• Both modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors contribute to CLGI in early life.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the mechanisms by which risk factors induce CLGI and promote EOCRC.
• To explore the role of CLGI in altering the tumor microenvironment.
• To discuss potential biomarkers for early detection and therapeutic targets for EOCRC.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies investigating risk factors, CLGI, and EOCRC.
• Analysis of the interplay between immune homeostasis disruption and inflammation in EOCRC pathogenesis.
• Examination of current and emerging strategies for EOCRC prevention and treatment.

Main Results:

• Early-life exposures disrupt immune balance, leading to CLGI.
• CLGI promotes EOCRC by creating a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment.
• Identifying CLGI biomarkers and targeting inflammatory pathways show promise for EOCRC management.

Conclusions:

• CLGI is a significant, yet often silent, driver of EOCRC.
• Early detection via biomarkers and personalized therapies targeting inflammation are critical for combating EOCRC.
• Lifestyle modifications are essential for reducing CLGI and mitigating EOCRC risk.