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Ultra-compact vertical grating coupler for high-density photonic integration.

Wenxin Hao, Ruichen Wang, Yuzhu Gao

|June 11, 2026

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We developed a compact vertical grating coupler on silicon-on-insulator using inverse design. This technology enables efficient light coupling for high-density photonic integration.

Area of Science:

Photonics
Nanotechnology
Materials Science

Background:

Vertical grating couplers are essential for chip-scale photonic integration.
Existing designs face limitations in size and efficiency.
Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) is a key platform for photonic integrated circuits.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an ultra-compact and process-compatible vertical grating coupler on SOI.
To achieve high coupling efficiency and broad bandwidth using an inverse design framework.
To demonstrate a scalable pathway for advanced photonic integration.

Main Methods:

Utilized a cascaded inverse-design framework for device synthesis.
Employed a joint optimization strategy combining L-shaped and strip gratings.

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Integrated a boundary-scaling algorithm with fabrication constraints (80/100 nm minimum feature size).

Main Results:

Achieved an ultra-compact focusing length of 2.5 µm within a 12.5 × 14.14 µm² footprint.
Demonstrated a peak efficiency of -3.36 dB across C- and L-bands.
Obtained a 1-dB bandwidth of 59 nm with an 80 nm minimum feature size.

Conclusions:

The proposed inverse design method yields robust and compact vertical grating couplers.
This approach offers a practical and scalable solution for high-density photonic integration.
The developed coupler shows potential for next-generation optical communication and computing systems.