[Simulation in modern surgical training]

Surgery has evolved significantly with the rise of minimally invasive techniques, particularly laparoscopy and robotic surgery, which are now central to many procedures. While these advances have improved patient care, they have also increased the technical demands placed on surgeons in training. The traditional "see one, do one, teach one" model is no longer appropriate due to time constraints, patient safety requirements, and the growing complexity of surgical techniques. Certain skills can no longer be learned directly in the operating room. Simulation has therefore become essential, enabling safe and reproducible training, although its integration remains inconsistent. Surgical training is thus shifting toward a competency-based model in which simulation and structured approaches play a key role in ensuring high-quality care.