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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture
10:31

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture

Published on: April 8, 2016

T-cell mechanisms in atopic dermatitis.

Phila Cara Baumann1, Lennart Matthias Roesner1,2

  • 1Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), and.

Allergologie Select
|June 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances reveal T-cell inflammation in atopic dermatitis (AD) involves skin homing via cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA). Understanding T-cell phenotypes and antigen sources is key for targeted, individualized AD therapies.

Keywords:
T cellTh2Th2aatopic dermatitisatopic eczemaautoallergyinflammationresident memory T cellskinskin-associated lymphoid tissue

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture
10:31

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture

Published on: April 8, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory skin condition.
  • T-cell activation and migration are central to AD pathogenesis.
  • Understanding the triggers and cellular players in AD is crucial for effective treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in T-cell inflammation in atopic dermatitis.
  • To explore the mechanisms of T-cell homing and activation in AD.
  • To discuss the role of various antigens and patient heterogeneity in AD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on T-cell immunology in AD.
  • Analysis of T-cell homing mechanisms, including cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA).
  • Examination of antigen presentation pathways and T-cell phenotypes.

Main Results:

  • T-cell homing to the skin via CLA is critical for initiating AD inflammation.
  • Induced skin-associated lymphoid tissues (iSALT) may be involved in antigen presentation.
  • Microbial and autoantigens, alongside environmental allergens, contribute to AD.
  • Activated Th2 cells in AD recognize signals directly from epithelial cells.
  • Patient heterogeneity in antigen sensitization and T-cell phenotypes impacts treatment outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Targeted and individualized therapy for AD can be achieved through precise patient subgroup characterization.
  • Further research into T-cell heterogeneity and antigen interactions is warranted.
  • Understanding T-cell dynamics offers potential for novel therapeutic strategies in AD.