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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...

Heart Failure VII: Nursing Interventions

Heart Failure VII: Nursing Interventions

The first step in nursing management of a patient with heart failure involves thoroughly assessing the patient's medical history.Subjective Data: Obtain the patient's medical history of coronary artery disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and symptoms like dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.Objective Data: Conduct a physical examination to identify findings such as jugular vein distention, pulmonary crackles, tachycardia, murmurs, peripheral edema, and vital signs,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Pacing-Controlled Procedure for the Assessment of Heart Rate-Dependent Diastolic Functions in Murine Heart Failure Models

A Pacing-Controlled Procedure for the Assessment of Heart Rate-Dependent Diastolic Functions in Murine Heart Failure Models

Published on: July 21, 2023

Development of a Heart Failure Exacerbation Symptom Response System: A Delphi Study.

Motohiro Sano¹, Sho Okada², Yasuyuki Hirano³

¹Department of Advanced Clinical Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing, Chiba University Chiba Japan.

Circulation Reports

|June 11, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new Heart Failure Exacerbation Symptom Response System aids early detection of worsening heart failure symptoms, improving patient self-management and reducing re-hospitalizations.

Keywords:

Delphi study Deterioration of heart failure Early detection Heart failure

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Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Published on: February 13, 2021

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Pacing-Controlled Procedure for the Assessment of Heart Rate-Dependent Diastolic Functions in Murine Heart Failure Models

A Pacing-Controlled Procedure for the Assessment of Heart Rate-Dependent Diastolic Functions in Murine Heart Failure Models

Published on: July 21, 2023

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Published on: February 13, 2021

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Healthcare Technology
Patient Self-Management

Background:

Heart failure re-hospitalization is frequently linked to insufficient patient self-management.
A novel Heart Failure Exacerbation Symptom Response System was created to enable early detection of symptom exacerbations.
The system aims to support early intervention irrespective of healthcare professional experience levels.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the content validity and appropriateness of the developed Heart Failure Exacerbation Symptom Response System.
To establish expert consensus on the system's utility in clinical practice.

Main Methods:

A 3-round Delphi survey methodology was employed.
Nineteen healthcare professionals participated in the survey to assess system appropriateness.
Item-Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and Scale-Content Validity Index/Average (S-CVI/AVE) were calculated to measure validity.

Main Results:

Initial feedback in Round 1 indicated that 50% of items had I-CVIs below 0.78, with an S-CVI/AVE of 0.77.
Revisions were made based on Round 1 feedback.
Following revisions, over 95% of items achieved I-CVIs exceeding 0.78, indicating strong content validity.

Conclusions:

Expert consensus confirmed the system's content validity for standardizing assessments and facilitating timely interventions.
The findings support the system's potential to improve heart failure self-management and reduce re-hospitalizations.
Further validation studies in home healthcare settings are recommended to confirm its real-world effectiveness.