[Doping in chess]

The use of performance-enhancing substances is also possible in chess. Regarding stimulants used for cognitive doping-such as amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, and ephedrine-there is evidence suggesting a slight improvement in performance; however, there is also evidence of negative effects on decision-making processes under time pressure. These substances generally pose a health risk; particularly in cases of overdose, they can strain the cardiovascular system or trigger psychotic symptoms. Furthermore, there is a fundamental risk of addiction or of the substance serving as a "gateway drug."As chess is recognized as an official sport, doping controls are conducted within organized competitions. However, these are limited to elite-level competition and are consequently rare; as a result, few significant doping cases have come to light thus far. In contrast, a higher prevalence is suspected in competitive and amateur chess-among both professionals and amateurs alike. Nevertheless, the greater threat to fair play in chess lies in other fraudulent methods (such as cheating or electronic doping).