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Integrative Genomic and Transcriptomic Insights into High-Altitude Adaptation in Changthangi Goats.

Ram Parsad1,2, Sonika Ahlawat3, Reena Arora1

  • 1ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India.

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
|June 11, 2026
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Summary

High-altitude Changthangi goats adapted to low oxygen through genetic selection, evidenced by coordinated gene expression changes in cardiac tissue. This study reveals key genes involved in hypoxia, metabolism, and cardiovascular function for survival in extreme environments.

Keywords:
Changthangi goatComparative genomicsHigh-altitudeHypoxia-inducible factorTranscriptomics

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Evolutionary Biology
  • Animal Physiology
  • High-Altitude Adaptation

Background:

  • The Changthangi goat, indigenous to the high-altitude Ladakh Plateau, exhibits remarkable adaptation to oxygen-deficient environments.
  • Understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying this adaptation is crucial for comprehending evolutionary processes in extreme conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic basis of high-altitude adaptation in Changthangi goats using a comparative genomics and transcriptomics approach.
  • To identify candidate genes and genomic regions under selective pressure related to hypoxia tolerance.
  • To explore the coordinated transcriptional changes in cardiac tissue associated with adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of whole-genome sequence data from Changthangi and Jamunapari goats using multiple selection sweep metrics (nucleotide diversity, Tajima's D, iHS, CLR, XP-EHH, FST).
  • Integration of cardiac transcriptomics to examine gene expression patterns in adaptation-related pathways.
  • Identification of genes involved in hypoxia sensing, angiogenesis, cardiovascular regulation, metabolism, and stress tolerance.

Main Results:

  • Genomic analyses identified regions under strong selection in Changthangi goats, including genes critical for hypoxia response (HIF-1α, EPAS1, EGLN1), angiogenesis (VEGFA), and metabolism (ACADSB, ACSL1).
  • Cardiac transcriptomics revealed coordinated expression divergence in genes related to oxygen transport, vascular remodeling, mitochondrial function, and redox balance.
  • The study demonstrated that genomic adaptation is coupled with functional transcriptional adjustments in a key physiological tissue.

Conclusions:

  • The integrative multi-omics framework provides a mechanistic understanding of caprine high-altitude adaptation.
  • Genomic selection in Changthangi goats is associated with significant transcriptional remodeling in cardiac tissue, highlighting interconnected physiological system adjustments.
  • Combining genomic selection analyses with tissue-specific transcriptomics is valuable for resolving complex adaptive traits.