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Related Concept Videos

Drug Absorption Mechanism: Carrier-Mediated Membrane Transport01:19

Drug Absorption Mechanism: Carrier-Mediated Membrane Transport

Certain large, lipid-insoluble drug molecules that resemble amino acids, peptides, or glucose, require specialized carrier proteins to facilitate their diffusion across cell membranes. This transport can occur through either facilitated diffusion, which does not require energy input, or active transport, which does require energy input.
Facilitated diffusion is a passive process that utilizes human Solute Carrier (SLC) transporters. These transporters bind to the drug, undergo structural...
Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport01:23

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

Drugs need to permeate cell membranes to reach their target sites after administration. Orally administered drugs must transcend intestinal epithelial membrane barriers to infiltrate the systemic circulation. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons diffuse through gaps between neighboring cells, called paracellular pathways.
However, most drugs use the transcellular route, traversing directly through the cell membranes via two mechanisms: passive and active transport. Passive...
Membrane Transporters01:31

Membrane Transporters

Transporters are essential membrane transport proteins with functions related to cell nutrition, homeostasis, communication, etc. Approximately 7% of all genes in the human genome code for transporters or transporter-related proteins.
Transporters are mainly composed of alpha-helices, built from bundles of ten or more helices traversing the plasma membrane. The solute-binding sites are located midway, where some of the helices are broken or distorted, making space for the binding site through...
Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
Carrier-Mediated Transport01:06

Carrier-Mediated Transport

Carrier-mediated transport is a pivotal process in drug absorption, particularly for lipid-insoluble drugs, and encompasses facilitated diffusion and active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows drugs to move along their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport utilizes ATP to drive drug movement against this gradient.
Active transport involves two types of membrane-spanning transporters: uptake and efflux. Uptake transporters are expressed in the small...
Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis
11:16

Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis

Published on: July 22, 2014

TransPortal: A Portable Portal-Based Locomotion Technique.

Daichi Hirobe, Shizuka Shirai, Jason Orlosky

    IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
    |June 11, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    TransPortal, a new portal-based locomotion technique for virtual reality (VR) games, significantly reduces VR sickness. This novel method offers a comfortable and immersive VR experience without compromising entertainment.

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    FIM Imaging and FIMtrack: Two New Tools Allowing High-throughput and Cost Effective Locomotion Analysis
    10:02

    FIM Imaging and FIMtrack: Two New Tools Allowing High-throughput and Cost Effective Locomotion Analysis

    Published on: December 24, 2014

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

    Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis
    11:16

    Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis

    Published on: July 22, 2014

    FIM Imaging and FIMtrack: Two New Tools Allowing High-throughput and Cost Effective Locomotion Analysis
    10:02

    FIM Imaging and FIMtrack: Two New Tools Allowing High-throughput and Cost Effective Locomotion Analysis

    Published on: December 24, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Virtual Reality (VR) and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)
    • Immersive Technologies and User Experience

    Background:

    • Virtual reality (VR) locomotion techniques like physical walking, teleportation, and steering present challenges such as disorientation and sickness.
    • Existing methods often fail to balance user comfort with immersive gameplay in complex virtual environments.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce and evaluate TransPortal, a novel portal-based locomotion technique for VR video games.
    • To assess the impact of TransPortal on user experience, specifically VR sickness, immersion, and entertainment quality, compared to traditional methods.

    Main Methods:

    • A within-subjects experiment was conducted with 30 participants.
    • Participants experienced VR navigation using TransPortal, traditional teleportation, and steering.
    • Data on VR sickness, immersion, and entertainment were collected and analyzed.

    Main Results:

    • TransPortal demonstrated significantly lower VR sickness compared to teleportation and steering in a complex VR scenario.
    • The proposed technique did not reduce immersion or entertainment quality.
    • User control over portal activation/deactivation and destination selection was a key feature.

    Conclusions:

    • TransPortal offers a promising solution for mitigating VR sickness in video games.
    • The technique provides an effective and comfortable alternative for virtual reality locomotion.
    • Further research can explore TransPortal's application in diverse VR experiences.