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Related Concept Videos

Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements.
Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...
Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation01:13

Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation

The reticular formation is a complex network of gray and white matter located within the brainstem extending from the medulla to the midbrain.
Within the reticular formation, there are several distinct nuclei that can be classified into three broad categories. The Raphe nuclei are located along the midline of the brainstem. They are primarily known for their role in synthesizing and releasing serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and circadian rhythms. The...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
09:01

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

Independence and coherence in temporal sequence computation across the fronto-parietal network.

Hiroto Imamura1, Fumiya Imamura1, Reiko Hira1

  • 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Nature Communications
|June 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered how the brain

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Dynamic Inter-subject Functional Connectivity Reveals Moment-to-Moment Brain Network Configurations Driven by Continuous or Communication Paradigms
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Dynamic Inter-subject Functional Connectivity Reveals Moment-to-Moment Brain Network Configurations Driven by Continuous or Communication Paradigms

Published on: March 21, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
09:01

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

Dynamic Inter-subject Functional Connectivity Reveals Moment-to-Moment Brain Network Configurations Driven by Continuous or Communication Paradigms
08:36

Dynamic Inter-subject Functional Connectivity Reveals Moment-to-Moment Brain Network Configurations Driven by Continuous or Communication Paradigms

Published on: March 21, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Flexible time processing relies on coordinated brain activity.
  • Mechanisms for switching between coherent and independent temporal representations across brain areas are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how the secondary motor cortex (M2) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) encode time.
  • Explore the dynamics of neural communication supporting flexible temporal computations.

Main Methods:

  • Used mesoscale two-photon calcium imaging in mice performing an interval timing task.
  • Applied communication-subspace analysis and recurrent neural network modeling.
  • Utilized perturbation and local Lyapunov exponent analyses.

Main Results:

  • Both M2 and PPC showed similar high-dimensional sequential activity for time encoding.
  • Identified shared and area-specific temporal errors.
  • Temporal information distributed across shared low-variance dimensions; behavior encoded in dominant shared dimension.
  • Neural network models with sparse coupling and shared noise replicated findings.
  • Different subspaces selectively promoted coherent or independent neural modes.

Conclusions:

  • Sparse coupling and shared global fluctuations enable robust and flexible fronto-parietal temporal computation.
  • Reveals a mechanism for dynamic switching between coordinated and independent neural activity for time processing.