Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...

Overview of Microscopy Techniques

Overview of Microscopy Techniques

The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Independence and coherence in temporal sequence computation across the fronto-parietal network.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Technical development of two-photon optogenetic stimulation and its potential application to brain-machine interfaces.

Neurophotonics·2026

Same author

Open-source modular field-programmable gate array system for two-photon mesoscope enabling multiarea, multidepth neural activity recording and lifetime imaging.

Neurophotonics·2026

Same author

Diesel2p mesoscope with dual independent scan engines for flexible capture of dynamics in distributed neural circuitry.

Nature communications·2021

Same author

Two-photon imaging of neuronal activity in motor cortex of marmosets during upper-limb movement tasks.

Nature communications·2018

Same author

Mice use robust and common strategies to discriminate natural scenes.

Scientific reports·2018

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Real-Time Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy to Visualize Focused Ultrasound and Microbubble Treatments to Increase Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability

Real-Time Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy to Visualize Focused Ultrasound and Microbubble Treatments to Increase Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability

Published on: February 5, 2022

Closed-loop experiments and brain machine interfaces with multiphoton microscopy.

Riichiro Hira¹

¹Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo, Japan.

|February 20, 2024

Summary

This study reviews advanced closed-loop systems for neuroscience research. These systems use real-time feedback from multiphoton microscopy to control neural activity in live animals, enhancing brain-computer interface development.

Keywords:

adaptive optics brain machine interface closed-loop experiments two-photon calcium imaging two-photon optogenetics

More Related Videos

Implantation of a Cranial Window for Repeated In Vivo Imaging in Awake Mice

Implantation of a Cranial Window for Repeated In Vivo Imaging in Awake Mice

Published on: June 22, 2021

Author Spotlight: Comparative Imaging of Neural Activity in Awake and Freely Moving States

Author Spotlight: Comparative Imaging of Neural Activity in Awake and Freely Moving States

Published on: January 19, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Real-Time Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy to Visualize Focused Ultrasound and Microbubble Treatments to Increase Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability

Real-Time Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy to Visualize Focused Ultrasound and Microbubble Treatments to Increase Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability

Published on: February 5, 2022

Implantation of a Cranial Window for Repeated In Vivo Imaging in Awake Mice

Implantation of a Cranial Window for Repeated In Vivo Imaging in Awake Mice

Published on: June 22, 2021

Author Spotlight: Comparative Imaging of Neural Activity in Awake and Freely Moving States

Author Spotlight: Comparative Imaging of Neural Activity in Awake and Freely Moving States

Published on: January 19, 2024

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biomedical Engineering
Optical Imaging

Background:

Technological advancements enable sophisticated measurement and control of neural activity in vivo.
Closed-loop experimental systems are crucial for real-time neural activity modulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of recent technological advances in closed-loop neuroscience systems.
To highlight the role of multiphoton microscopy in real-time neural control.
To discuss the development and applications of brain-machine interfaces (BMIs).

Main Methods:

Real-time feedback integration with multiphoton microscopy.
In vivo two-photon calcium imaging for neural activity recording.
Two-photon optogenetic stimulation and adaptive optics for precise neural control.

Main Results:

Demonstration of BMIs utilizing in vivo two-photon calcium imaging.
Application of two-photon optogenetics and adaptive optics in real-time BMIs.
Exploration of future optical BMIs for synaptic-level investigations.

Conclusions:

Multiphoton microscopy is key for single-cell resolution neural recording and control in closed-loop systems.
Real-time optical BMIs offer new avenues for understanding brain computational principles.
Future research directions include synaptic-level optical BMIs.