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Related Concept Videos

Determination01:51

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression
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Published on: January 17, 2016

Exploring Growth Pattern and Candidate Genes for Chicken Spur.

Hong Yuan1, Qianhui Liao1, Zhuliang Yang1

  • 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chicken spur length, an indicator of age and breeding value, develops via endochondral ossification. The gene TENM2, potentially via BMP signaling, is key to spur development.

Keywords:
Nandan-Yao chickenTENM2chicken spurossification patterntestosterone

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Science
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Chicken spurs are bony structures indicating age and are important in breeding.
  • The developmental process and genetic basis of chicken spur growth are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental pattern and genetic mechanisms of chicken spur growth in Nandan-Yao chickens.
  • To identify genes associated with spur length and understand their function.

Main Methods:

  • Phenotypic measurements, X-ray imaging, and RNA sequencing were used to analyze spur growth.
  • Candidate gene validation involved tissue expression profiling and RNA interference.

Main Results:

  • Spur length was not significantly correlated with body weight, size, or laying traits.
  • Roosters with longer spurs showed higher sperm motility and testosterone/estrogen ratios.
  • Chicken spurs develop through endochondral ossification, with ossification centers appearing around 15 weeks.
  • The gene TENM2 was identified as a key candidate, potentially acting through the BMP signaling pathway.

Conclusions:

  • Chicken spur development follows an endochondral ossification pattern.
  • TENM2 is a crucial gene for spur development, possibly mediated by the BMP signaling pathway.
  • Spur traits hold potential breeding value and understanding their development aids in chicken breeding programs.