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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Live Cell Imaging during Mechanical Stretch
07:42

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Published on: August 19, 2015

Excessive Stretching Drives RPE Inflammation and ECM Remodeling in Ectopia Lentis Retinopathy.

Yan Liu1,2,3, Zijia Zhao1,2,3, Linghao Song1,2,3

  • 1Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Mechanical stretching of retinal cells in ectopia lentis (EL) causes inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling, leading to retinopathy. This study identifies key inflammatory mediators linking biomechanical stress to retinal abnormalities in EL patients.

Keywords:
RNA sequencingaxial elongationcyclic mechanical stretchectopia lentisretinal pigment epithelial cells

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Mechanisms

Background:

  • Ectopia lentis (EL) is associated with posterior segment abnormalities, including retinopathy.
  • The underlying molecular mechanisms and cellular responses in EL-related retinopathy are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the posterior segment manifestations of retinopathy in EL.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms, specifically the role of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, in EL-related retinopathy.
  • To identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical ophthalmic examinations of 127 EL patients and 149 controls.
  • Untargeted metabolomic analysis of aqueous humor.
  • In vitro mechanical stretching of ARPE-19 RPE cells.
  • RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence (IF), Western blotting (WB), and ELISA.

Main Results:

  • EL patients showed significantly longer axial length (Z-AL) and 36.22% exhibited retinal abnormalities.
  • Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed enriched inflammatory metabolites and activated extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling pathways.
  • Mechanical stretching of RPE cells increased secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and MMP3, consistent with in vivo findings.

Conclusions:

  • Excessive mechanical stretching induces inflammatory and ECM remodeling responses in RPE cells.
  • TNF-α, IL-6, and MMP3 are identified as key inflammatory mediators linking biomechanical stress to retinopathy in EL.
  • Findings offer insights into retinal remodeling in EL and potential therapeutic strategies.