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Comparative ESEM Characterization and Collagen-Related Tissue Responses to Commercial Injectable Bioregenerative

Anna Paula Silva Dias Marcondes1, Fernando Veloso Caldeira Barcellos1, Maria Rafaela Pereira Lacerda1

  • 1Department of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros 39401-089, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) formulations, alone or with hyaluronic acid (HA) and polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN), selectively upregulate collagen type 1 (COL1A1) gene expression in mice, indicating potential for dermal remodeling.

Keywords:
bioregenerative formulationsdermal remodelinghyaluronic acidpoly-L-lactic acidpolydeoxyribonucleotide

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Dermatology
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Dermal senescence impairs tissue repair due to reduced fibroblast activity and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis.
  • Injectable formulations with poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), hyaluronic acid (HA), and polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) are proposed for dermal remodeling.
  • Limited comparative studies exist for these commercial formulations under standardized conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the morphology of PLLA, HA, and PDRN formulations using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM).
  • To investigate the histological and collagen-related molecular responses to these formulations in a murine model.

Main Methods:

  • Four formulations (PLLA; HA; HA + PDRN; PLLA + HA + PDRN) were injected subcutaneously into 14 mice.
  • Tissue response was assessed after 30 days via ultrasound, Masson's trichrome staining, and RT-qPCR for collagen gene expression.

Main Results:

  • ESEM revealed distinct morphologies; the PLLA, HA, and PDRN combination showed a complex multiphase structure.
  • Histological analysis indicated preserved tissue architecture and no significant inflammation across all groups.
  • RT-qPCR showed significantly higher COL1A1 gene expression in PLLA-only and PLLA, HA, and PDRN groups compared to controls (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

  • PLLA-containing formulations, alone or combined with HA and PDRN, promote selective COL1A1 upregulation in a short-term murine model.
  • These findings suggest formulation-dependent collagen modulation for potential dermal repair applications.