Fine Tuning RETFound with Clinically Guided Foveal ROI for Automated DRIL Classification in Diabetic Macular Edema...

Background/Objectives: Disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL) is an important and supportive biomarker in optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging for diagnosing the extent of diabetic macular edema (DME) in patients and anticipating visual outcomes. But the manual DRIL identification is subject to interobserver bias and requires a lot of time and effort from the experts. This research presents a novel, computerized, and clinically guided approach for the classification of DRIL that leverages the central 1 mm foveal region extracted through the annotations provided by the expert ophthalmologists and investigates the effectiveness of a transformer and Masked Auto Encoder (MAE) based foundation model (RETFound) as the primary approach. Methods: We fine-tuned and validated the RETFound model, utilizing accurate foveal center coordinates provided by the experienced ophthalmologists. Our approach emphasizes the macular region that is significant diagnostically, where DME biomarkers manifest more predominantly. To guarantee robust evaluation, the dataset was divided into 85% training and 15% held-out test sets. We performed 5-fold cross-validation exclusively on the training dataset with baseline, conservative, and moderate fine-tuning strategies, and the final model was evaluated on the independent, unseen test set. Convolutional neural network (CNN)-based transfer learning (TL) models (MobileNetV2, EfficientNetB0, InceptionV3, DenseNet121, and DenseNet169) were also assessed for comparative evaluation. Results: The RETFound model yielded the best outcomes under the conservative fine-tuning strategy, achieving a mean test accuracy (AC) of 0.9339 ± 0.0036 and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.9660 ± 0.0028 on the independent held-out test set across the five fold-trained models. The moderate and baseline evaluations achieved comparatively lower outcomes, highlighting the effectiveness of the conservative approach. The RETFound model consistently outperformed CNN models, exhibiting stability and superior generalization for DRIL classification. We performed statistical validation using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and 95% confidence intervals to confirm the robustness of the proposed method, and an ablation analysis showed that the fovea-centered region of interest (ROI) guidance consistently improved results when compared with whole OCT analysis. Conclusions: This research demonstrates that the deep-learning (DL) methods assisted by expert clinical knowledge with an anatomically aligned ROI could provide remarkable results in DRIL detection applications. This work attempts to establish an anatomically relevant framework for computerized DRIL identification that focuses on the highly crucial macular region, possibly helping in faster intervention and improved diagnosis in the management of DME.