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Related Concept Videos

Mechanical Characteristics of Steel01:18

Mechanical Characteristics of Steel

The mechanical characteristics of steel are assessed through various tests that evaluate its strength, toughness, and flexibility. These tests include tension, torsion, impact, bending, and hardness assessments, each providing crucial information about steel's suitability for specific applications.
The tension test is fundamental for determining tensile strength. In this test, a steel specimen is stretched using a gripping device until it breaks. The data collected during this test are used to...

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Generating Lap Joints Via Friction Stir Spot Welding on DP780 Steel
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Insights into Engineering Super-Duplex Stainless-Steel Microstructures: Composition Alterations and Processing

Leonidas Karavias1, Leonidas Gargalis1, Evangelia K Karaxi1

  • 1Conify, Panteli Nikolaidi 23A, Agios Ioannis Rentis, 182 33 Athens, Greece.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Compositional tuning, not thermal methods, effectively enhances austenite in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF)-processed Super Duplex Stainless Steel (SDSS). Blending with SS316L powder creates a duplex microstructure without post-processing heat treatments.

Keywords:
LPBFadditive manufacturingaustenitecompositionhardnesslaser engineeringmicrostructurenanoindentationprocessing strategiessuper-duplex stainless steel

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Micromechanical Tension Testing of Additively Manufactured 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Specimens

Published on: April 7, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Metallurgy

Background:

  • Super Duplex Stainless Steel (SDSS) requires specific microstructures for optimal performance.
  • Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) processing of SDSS often results in a predominantly ferritic phase, necessitating post-processing heat treatments.
  • Developing in situ methods to control austenite formation during LPBF is crucial for efficient manufacturing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate in situ techniques for enhancing austenite formation in LPBF-processed SDSS.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of layer remelting, increased layer thickness, and compositional modification.
  • To eliminate the need for post-process heat treatments in LPBF-manufactured SDSS.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated in situ methodologies: layer remelting, increased layer thickness (40 to 80 μm), and 50/50 weight ratio blending of SDSS with SS316L powder.
  • Conducted microstructural characterization using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy.
  • Performed macro-hardness testing and nanoindentation to assess mechanical properties of austenite and ferrite phases.

Main Results:

  • Layer remelting and increased layer thickness did not significantly increase austenite content; microstructures remained largely ferritic.
  • Blending SDSS with SS316L powder successfully promoted a significant increase in austenite, forming a duplex microstructure.
  • The duplex microstructure exhibited reduced macro-hardness compared to ferritic structures, attributed to compositional changes and reduced solid-solution strengthening.

Conclusions:

  • Thermal strategies (layer remelting, increased thickness) are insufficient for achieving desired phase balance in LPBF-processed SDSS.
  • Compositional tuning via powder blending is an effective in situ method to promote favorable duplex microstructures in LPBF-processed SDSS.
  • Achieving optimal austenite-ferrite balance in LPBF-SDSS can be accomplished through powder metallurgy approaches, bypassing post-processing.