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Published on: September 22, 2023
Characteristics Associated with Infant Feeding with Both Breast Milk and Formula Milk
Kenta Watakabe1, Sayaka Kawada1, Shin Horiuchi1
1Division of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Toshima Hospital, 33-1 Sakaecho Itabashiku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
Nutrients
|June 12, 2026
Summary
Mixed feeding infant strategies vary significantly. Late preterm birth, advanced maternal age, and cesarean delivery are linked to increased formula intake, informing targeted breastfeeding support interventions.
Area of Science:
- Pediatrics
- Neonatal Care
- Public Health Nutrition
Background:
- Breastfeeding offers significant maternal and infant health benefits.
- Promoting breastfeeding is a key public health objective.
- Infant feeding strategies encompass exclusive breastfeeding, mixed feeding, and exclusive formula feeding.
Purpose of the Study:
- To characterize heterogeneous mixed feeding patterns in infants.
- To identify factors associated with formula intake in mixed feeding.
- To inform tailored interventions for breastfeeding promotion.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of 2628 infants born at Tokyo Metropolitan Hospital (2019-2024).
- Gaussian mixture modeling to determine mixed feeding subgroups.
- Linear regression to identify factors influencing formula intake.
Main Results:
- Mixed feeding (56.9%) was the most common feeding strategy.
- Late preterm birth, maternal age (≥35 years), and cesarean delivery significantly increased formula intake.
- Exclusive breastfeeding (32.0%) and exclusive formula feeding (11.0%) were also observed.
Conclusions:
- Mixed feeding is not a monolithic category; distinct subgroups exist.
- Interventions should address identified factors like late preterm birth, maternal age, and delivery mode.
- Understanding these factors can enhance the promotion of breastfeeding.
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