Mechanical Enhancement and Fracture Mechanisms of SLA Photopolymer Composites Reinforced with Fish Bone Ash

In this study, salmon fish bone waste from the fish processing industry was converted into an inorganic ash filler by calcination and incorporated into an SLA-compatible photopolymer resin at 4, 8, and 12 wt.%. To compensate for filler-induced optical scattering and rheological changes, the printing parameters were systematically optimized, and the optimum conditions were identified as a layer thickness of 30 µm and an exposure time of 12 s. Tensile tests performed in accordance with ASTM D638 Type IV showed that fish bone ash significantly enhanced the tensile strength of the photopolymer matrix, increasing it from 24.8 MPa for the neat resin to 37.95 MPa at 12 wt.% filler loading. In contrast, increasing filler content reduced elongation at break and promoted a more brittle fracture response. Statistical evaluation using Welch ANOVA and Games-Howell post hoc analysis confirmed that filler loading had a statistically significant effect on tensile strength (p < 0.05). FTIR analysis revealed that the filler remained chemically stable within the matrix and that the interfacial interactions were predominantly physical rather than covalent. SEM observations indicated that low and medium filler loadings improved crack deflection and energy dissipation, whereas particle agglomeration at higher loading increased the tendency for brittle fracture. These findings demonstrate that fish bone ash can be used as a sustainable bio-waste-derived reinforcement to improve the mechanical performance of SLA photopolymer composites.